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úԥQ WԥEԥVVPQ LWLUԥQԥ TԥGԥU ± ELU YD[WODU +DYDQDGD ԥQ \D[úÕ
NRUQHWoLOԥUGԥQ ELUL NLPL WDQÕQDQ .DWRUTD ;RQDV DGÕQGD NDPD
TXH\DOÕ [RúEԥ[W ]ԥQFL ROPXúGX
+ԥPLQ DFÕ WԥԥVVUDWODU \DUDGDQ Jԥ]LQWLGԥQ VRQUD Uԥ\LP
VDQFPD÷D EDúODGÕ RWDODIGDQ GԥPOԥQԥQ KHo ELU oD\ EԥGԥQLPԥ
VUWG\P FUEԥFU úH\OԥU PԥQԥ \QJOON JԥWLUPԥGL g]P
ED[GÕUPD÷D JHWGL\LP PԥúKXU QԥVLOGԥQ RODQ KԥNLP TÕU[ LNL \D
úÕQGD PԥQL PDOLFԥ HGԥQLQ QԥYԥVL LGL |] EDEDVÕQD HOԥ R[úD\ÕUGÕ
\HWPLú \DúÕQGDNÕ EDEDVÕ TԥGԥU HOԥ TRFD J|UQUG NL PԥQ GLN
VLQGLP YD[WÕQGDQ ԥYYԥO W|NOPú VDoODU J|]QGԥ X]D÷Õ J|UPԥN
oQ H\QԥN Yԥ PLGVL] NԥGԥU +ԥNLP ]ԥUJԥU GԥTLTOL\L LOԥ EWQ
EԥGԥQLPL PD\LQԥ HWGL 6LQԥPԥ NUԥ\LPԥ TXODT DVGÕ Wԥ]\LTLPL
|OoG GL] UHDNVL\DPÕ \R[ODGÕ J|]PQ GLELQԥ Yԥ DOW J|] TD
SDTODUÕPÕQ UԥQJLQԥ ED[GÕ 0ԥQ WD[WGD oHYULOGL\LP YD[W HOԥ TԥOL]
VXDOODU \D÷GÕUÕUGÕ NL ILNLUOԥúLE FDYDE YHUPԥ\ԥ YD[W oDWGÕUPÕU
GÕP %LU VDDWGDQ VRQUD [RúEԥ[WFԥVLQԥ JOPVԥ\ԥUԥN PԥQԥ ED[
GÕ ³%D[ EHOԥ ± R GHGL ± JPDQ HGLUԥP NL EXUGD PԥQOLN ELU úH\
\R[GX´ ± ³%X Qԥ GHPԥNGL"´ ± ³6L] \DúGD DGDP oQ VD÷ODP
OÕ÷ÕQÕ] oR[ ԥOD Yԥ]L\\ԥWGԥGL´ ± ³dR[ PDUDTOÕGÕ ± GHGLP ± TÕU[
\DúÕP RODQGD VL]LQ EDEDQÕ] GD H\QԥQ EXQX GHPLúGL VDQNL YD[W
NHoPLU´ ± ³+ԥPLúԥ EHOԥ GHPԥN RODU ± QԥYԥ ELOGLUGL ± oQNL
\Dú \DúGÕ´ 2QGDQ V|] TRSDUPDT PԥTVԥGLOԥ GHGLP ³øQWԥKDVÕ
KԥU úH\LQ VRQX |OPG´ ± ³%ԥOL ± R WԥVGLT HWGL ± DQFDT VL]LQ
NLPL \D[úÕ Yԥ]L\\ԥWGԥ EX HOԥ Gԥ DVDQ GH\LO 6L]ԥ ID\GDOÕ ROD ELO
Pԥ\ԥFԥ\LPԥ J|Uԥ VԥPLPLTԥOEGԥQ WԥԥVVIOԥQLUԥP´
%WQ EX [DWLUԥOԥU J|]ԥOGL DQFDT DYTXVW ԥUԥIԥVLQGԥ
GDú DVÕOPÕú D\DTODUÕPOD SLOOԥNԥQOԥUL HYԥ TDO[DQGD PԥQL KLVVL]
GX\÷XVX] J|]Oԥ\ԥQ \] \DúÕPÕQ VRQ GԥUԥFԥ D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕ KLVV HW
GLPSD\ÕGD \X[XPD JLUGL Yԥ VRQ GԥIԥ |OPQԥ LNL VDDW TDOPÕú J|U
G\P YD[WGDNÕ NLPL PԥQԥ [H\LUGXD YHUGL %XQX VRQXQFX [ԥ
EԥUGDUOÕT NLPL EDúD GúE Kԥ\ԥFDQODQGÕP Yԥ 5RVD .DEDUNDVD
]ԥQJ HWGLP NL HOԥ EX JQ D[úDP TÕ]Õ JԥWLUVLQ oQNL J|UUԥP
198
úԥQ WԥEԥVVPQ LWLUԥQԥ TԥGԥU ± ELU YD[WODU +DYDQDGD ԥQ \D[úÕ
NRUQHWoLOԥUGԥQ ELUL NLPL WDQÕQDQ .DWRUTD ;RQDV DGÕQGD NDPD
TXH\DOÕ [RúEԥ[W ]ԥQFL ROPXúGX
+ԥPLQ DFÕ WԥԥVVUDWODU \DUDGDQ Jԥ]LQWLGԥQ VRQUD Uԥ\LP
VDQFPD÷D EDúODGÕ RWDODIGDQ GԥPOԥQԥQ KHo ELU oD\ EԥGԥQLPԥ
VUWG\P FUEԥFU úH\OԥU PԥQԥ \QJOON JԥWLUPԥGL g]P
ED[GÕUPD÷D JHWGL\LP PԥúKXU QԥVLOGԥQ RODQ KԥNLP TÕU[ LNL \D
úÕQGD PԥQL PDOLFԥ HGԥQLQ QԥYԥVL LGL |] EDEDVÕQD HOԥ R[úD\ÕUGÕ
\HWPLú \DúÕQGDNÕ EDEDVÕ TԥGԥU HOԥ TRFD J|UQUG NL PԥQ GLN
VLQGLP YD[WÕQGDQ ԥYYԥO W|NOPú VDoODU J|]QGԥ X]D÷Õ J|UPԥN
oQ H\QԥN Yԥ PLGVL] NԥGԥU +ԥNLP ]ԥUJԥU GԥTLTOL\L LOԥ EWQ
EԥGԥQLPL PD\LQԥ HWGL 6LQԥPԥ NUԥ\LPԥ TXODT DVGÕ Wԥ]\LTLPL
|OoG GL] UHDNVL\DPÕ \R[ODGÕ J|]PQ GLELQԥ Yԥ DOW J|] TD
SDTODUÕPÕQ UԥQJLQԥ ED[GÕ 0ԥQ WD[WGD oHYULOGL\LP YD[W HOԥ TԥOL]
VXDOODU \D÷GÕUÕUGÕ NL ILNLUOԥúLE FDYDE YHUPԥ\ԥ YD[W oDWGÕUPÕU
GÕP %LU VDDWGDQ VRQUD [RúEԥ[WFԥVLQԥ JOPVԥ\ԥUԥN PԥQԥ ED[
GÕ ³%D[ EHOԥ ± R GHGL ± JPDQ HGLUԥP NL EXUGD PԥQOLN ELU úH\
\R[GX´ ± ³%X Qԥ GHPԥNGL"´ ± ³6L] \DúGD DGDP oQ VD÷ODP
OÕ÷ÕQÕ] oR[ ԥOD Yԥ]L\\ԥWGԥGL´ ± ³dR[ PDUDTOÕGÕ ± GHGLP ± TÕU[
\DúÕP RODQGD VL]LQ EDEDQÕ] GD H\QԥQ EXQX GHPLúGL VDQNL YD[W
NHoPLU´ ± ³+ԥPLúԥ EHOԥ GHPԥN RODU ± QԥYԥ ELOGLUGL ± oQNL
\Dú \DúGÕ´ 2QGDQ V|] TRSDUPDT PԥTVԥGLOԥ GHGLP ³øQWԥKDVÕ
KԥU úH\LQ VRQX |OPG´ ± ³%ԥOL ± R WԥVGLT HWGL ± DQFDT VL]LQ
NLPL \D[úÕ Yԥ]L\\ԥWGԥ EX HOԥ Gԥ DVDQ GH\LO 6L]ԥ ID\GDOÕ ROD ELO
Pԥ\ԥFԥ\LPԥ J|Uԥ VԥPLPLTԥOEGԥQ WԥԥVVIOԥQLUԥP´
%WQ EX [DWLUԥOԥU J|]ԥOGL DQFDT DYTXVW ԥUԥIԥVLQGԥ
GDú DVÕOPÕú D\DTODUÕPOD SLOOԥNԥQOԥUL HYԥ TDO[DQGD PԥQL KLVVL]
GX\÷XVX] J|]Oԥ\ԥQ \] \DúÕPÕQ VRQ GԥUԥFԥ D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕ KLVV HW
GLP
G\P YD[WGDNÕ NLPL PԥQԥ [H\LUGXD YHUGL %XQX VRQXQFX [ԥ
EԥUGDUOÕT NLPL EDúD GúE Kԥ\ԥFDQODQGÕP Yԥ 5RVD .DEDUNDVD
]ԥQJ HWGLP NL HOԥ EX JQ D[úDP TÕ]Õ JԥWLUVLQ oQNL J|UUԥP
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